Modulation of autoimmune rheumatic diseases by oestrogen and progesterone • Grant C. Hughes & Divaker Choubey Nature Reviews Rheumatology 10, 740–751 (2014) doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2014.144 Published online 26 August 2014 http://www.nature.com/nrrheum/journal/v10/n12/full/nrrheum.2014.144.html Abstract Sexual dimorphism is evident in the risk and expression of several human autoimmune diseases. Differences in disease manifestations observed between sexes are likely to involve immunomodulation by sex steroids, nonhormonal factors encoded by genes on the X and Y chromosomes, and immunological phenomena unique to pregnancy. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and perhaps other autoantibody-mediated diseases, oestrogen seems to increase the risk of disease in genetically predisposed women by targeting key immune pathways, including the type 1 interferon (IFN) response, differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells and survival of autoreactive B cells. By contrast, progesterone seems to reduce the risk of SLE by counteracting the effects of oestrogen on some of these same pathways, which suggests that the balance between oestrogen and progesterone can determine disease expression. In this Review we focus on the roles of the sex steroid hormones oestrogen and progesterone in modulating the risk and expression of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis. Intensive research in this area promises to identify novel therapeutic strategies and improve understanding of the immunological requirements and complications of pregnancy, and is expected to define the mechanisms behind sexual dimorphism in autoimmunity, immunity and other aspects of human health—a newly announced directive of the NIH.
The gist of the new finding by Dr Schor is that many hypothyroid patients may be missed because up to now nobody has realized that TSH levels fluctate on a pattern not much different from cortisol. This is no surprise to me since I have already learned that when we awaken naturally in the morning, it coincides with an increase on our body temperature, whereas when we fall to sleep, our bodies cool down. Thyroid hormone is a heater upper; without it you are cold. Based on what I know of the release patterns of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), CRH (cortisol releasing hormone), and GH (growth hormone), I am going to assume that all hypothalamic hormones follow a diurnal rhythm, and that it is possible that they might all pulse in the pre-dawn hours and decrease in the afternoon. ( notes from email newletterCollapse )
Market participants aren’t the rational automatons of most financial theory. They are biological organisms responding with a neural and physiological apparatus designed millions of years ago. If what happens in markets affects hormones, these in turn alter behavior and feed back into the markets.
I felt some loneliness the first week I was here. But now, no. I have enough acquaintances to not feel lonely. The landlady, Marie, speaks English and her bf is American. And her niece, Emma, also…
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