Quiz Questions:
1. Which hand muscles act to clench your thumb against your index finger?
2. Name the fibrous band which arches over the carpus making the CARPAL TUNNEL
(through which the Flexor tendons of the digits and the median nerve pass).
3. Which thumb muscle is deep to the other two?
a. Abductor pollicis brevis
b. Flexor pollicis brevis
c. Opponens pollicis
4. Which two muscles work together to allow us to flex the metacarpal phalangeal joints while we extend the interphalangeal joints?
5. Between which two bones in the hand do you find a saddle joint?
6. What kind of joint is found between the metacarpals and the phalanges?
7. Which muscles connect into the dorsal extensor expansion?
8. Damage to which nerve causes you to loose your power grip?
1. the 1st dorsal interosseus and adductor pollicis both act to clench thumb against index finger
2. Flexor retinaculum. (are there other names?)
3. c. opponens is deep to the others on both the thenar and hypothenar sides
4. The so called "tata muscles": the lumbricals and interossei
5. Between the trapezium and metacarpal 1, allowing wide ROM for the thumb
6. Condyloid: an ovoid articular surface or condyle is received into an elliptical cavity in such a manner as to permit of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction, but no axial rotation.
7. the interossei and lumbricals
8. the median nerve
Palmar aponeurosis-
--a sheet of CT that covers the tendons in the palm (Brons)
---central portion in middle of the palm, triangular in shape, of great strength and thickness.
--apex is continuous with the lower margin of the transverse carpal ligament
--apex receives the expanded tendon of the Palmaris longus.
--base divides below into four slips, one for each finger. Each slip gives off superficial fibers to the skin of the palm and finger, those to the palm joining the skin at the furrow corresponding to the metacarpophalangeal articulations, and those to the fingers passing into the skin at the transverse fold at the bases of the fingers.
--The deeper part of each slip subdivides into two processes, which are inserted into the fibrous sheaths of the Flexor tendons. From the sides of these processes offsets are attached to the transverse metacarpal ligament.
--By this arrangement short channels are formed on the front of the heads of the metacarpal bones; through these the Flexor tendons pass. The intervals between the four slips transmit the digital vessels and nerves, and the tendons of the Lumbricales.
--At the points of division into the slips mentioned, numerous strong, transverse fasciculi bind the separate processes together.
--central part is intimately bound to the integument by dense fibroareolar tissue forming the superficial palmar fascia, and gives origin by its medial margin to the Palmaris brevis.
--covers the superficial volar arch, the tendons of the Flexor muscles, and the branches of the median and ulnar nerves
--on either side it gives off a septum, which is continuous with the interosseous aponeurosis, and separates the intermediate from the collateral groups of muscles.
Superficial transverse (metacarpal) ligatment
--runs across the palmar side of the MCP (metacarpalphalangeal) joints (Brons)
--a ligament of the intermetacarpal articulations joint which runs beneath the deep transverse metacarpal ligament (wikipedia)
Tendon coverings
--fibrous flexor sheaths enclose flexor tendons in fingers
--synovial sheaths around tendons
--flexor retinaculum and transverse carpal ligament
synovium = the soft tissue that lines the non-cartilaginous surfaces within joints with cavities (synovial joints). The word synovium comes from a Latin word meaning "with egg," because the synovial fluid in joints that have a cavity between the bearing surfaces is like egg white.
FLEXOR RETINACULUM
--is superficial to the transverse carpal ligament, both work together
==a strong, fibrous band which arches over the carpus making the CARPAL TUNNEL
(through which the Flexor tendons of the digits and the median nerve pass)
--attached medially to pisiform and the hamulus (HOOK) of the hamate bone, laterally to the tubercle of the scaphoid, and to the medial part of the volar surface and the ridge of the trapezium.
--continuous, above, with the volar carpal ligament; and below, with the palmar aponeurosis. It is crossed by the ulnar vessels and nerve, and the cutaneous branches of the median and ulnar nerves.
--at its lateral end is the tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis, which lies in the groove on the greater multangular between the attachments of the ligament to the bone.
--on its volar surface the tendons of the Palmaris longus and Flexor carpi ulnaris are partly inserted; below, it gives origin to the short muscles of the thumb and little finger.
MUSCLES OF THE THUMB AND PINKIE
THENAR MUSCLES (thumb)
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
HYPOTHENAR MUSCLES (pinkie)
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
On both sides of the hand, the opponens muscle is deep to the other two and is the one that most directly allows the thumb to oppose the pinkie. Also on both sides of the palm the flexor is closer the the midline of the hand, and the abductor is on the edge of the palm.
MOVEMENTS OF THE THUMB
Abduction/adduction are perpendicular to the palm
Flexion/extension are parallel to the palm
LUMBRICALS
=intrinsic muscles in the fingers
--four small, worm-like muscles on each hand
--unusual in that they do not attach to bone
A: flexion at the metacarpophalangeal joints, while maintaining extension at the interphalangeal joints (tata! along with the interossei)
O: (proximal) tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus
I: dorsal extensor expansions (on the back of the hand)
N: 1,2 innervated by median nerve
N: 3,4 innervated by ulnar nerve
--flexor pollicis longus does not have a lumbrical
--note opponens muscles of thenars and hypothenars (??what about it?)
--similar muscles exist on the foot
ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
I: bases of proximal phalanges, sesamoid bone here and at flexor pollicis
PALMAR INTEROSSEI
I: bases of proximal phalanges
A: adduct fingers to midline (PAD AND DAB)
DORSAL INTEROSSEI
I: bases of proximal phalanges
A: abduct fingers from midline (spread fingers)
--1st dorsal interosseus and adductor pollicis both act to clench thumb against index finger***
--LI 4 (acupuncture point between thumb and forefinger) is located on 1st dorsal interosseus
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
--lateral and central slips
FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS
I: PIP (proximal interphalangeal p ? joint)
FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS
I: DIP (distal interphalangeal p ? joint)
JOINTS
--The trapezium and metacarpal 1 form a SADDLE JOINT which gives the thumb flexibility.
--Metacarpals 4 and 5 are more mobile than 2 and 3 due to differences in conformation of carpal articular surfaces.
--MCP (metacarpal-phalangeal joints) are condyloid, allow flexion/extension and adduction/abduction
--IP (interphalangeal) joints are bi-condyloid facets that allow only flexion/extension
LIGAMENTS OF FINGERS
--Palmar ligaments = thickened anterior portions of MCP and IP joints (Brons)
--(Wikipedia version): The palmar carpal ligament (also volar carpal ligament) is a term that is often used in anatomy to describe the thickened portion of antebrachial fascia on the anterior of the wrist. It is officially unnamed. The palmar carpal ligament is a different structure to the flexor retinaculum of the hand, but the two are frequently confused. The palmar calpar ligament lies superficial and proximal to the flexor retinaculum. The ulnar nerve and the ulnar artery run through the ulnar canal, which is deep to the palmar carpal ligament and superficial to the flexor retinaculum. The palmar carpal ligament is continuous with the extensor retinaculum of the hand, which is located on the posterior side of the wrist.
--Deep transverse ligaments = interconnect MCP joints (except thumb, big toe)
--Collateral ligaments = support all MCP and IP joints, are tightened during flexion so limit adduction and abduction, but not in extended position.
--retinacular ligaments = link ligaments = the borders of extensor expansions, they link IP joints to flex or extend together
MEDIAN NERVE
--supplies the skin on 3.5 digits
--forearm muscles: pronator teres, palmaris longus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor digitorum superficialis and half of profundus, pronator quadratus and flexor policis longus
--hand muscles: thenar muscles and lumbricals 1 & 2
--the power grip: damage this nerve and loose your grip
CARPAL TUNNEL
--median nerve goes thru it
--flexors digitorum superficialis and profundus
--flexor pollicis longus
--flexor carpi radialis
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
--tunnel size shrinks due to inflammation, dislocation of carpal bones or arthritis
--compression of median nerve
--Sx: loss of sensation in 3.5 digits, thoss of fx of thenars and lumbricals 1, 2, thenar wasting "ape hand"
STRUCTURES NOT IN CARPAL TUNNEL
--ulnar nerve
--radial and ulnar arteries
--palmaris longus
--flexor carpi ulnaris
ULNAR NERVE
--supplies skin on 1.5 digis=ts, ulnar side of palm & dorsum of hand
--forearm muscles: flexor carpi ulnaris and 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus
--hand muscles: hypothenars, adductor pollicis, lumbricals 3, 4, dorsal and palmar interossei
--precision grip: intrinsic hand muscles produce fine muovements of the fingers
TUNNEL OF GUYON OR ULNAR TUNNEL
--space between pisiform and hook of hamate, normally covered by ligament
--structures in Guyon tunnel: ulnar nerve (deep & superficial), artery and veins
ULNAR NERVE ENTRAPMENT
--claw hand due to lack of MC-P flexion and IP extension in fingers
--two fingers remain extended because 2 lumbricals innervated by median nerve
--atrophy of interossei
--cutaneous loss of 1.5 digits
DERMATOME
= area of skin innervated by one spinal segment
MYOTOME
= area of muscle innervated by one spinal segment
--usually 2-3 segments per muscle